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<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=711115122-10122007><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2>Rick & Thomas,</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=711115122-10122007><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2>Im heartened to see some rigour in flight emissions
assessment tools - the standard of calculators that most airlines offer is
pretty low, and non-transparent. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN
class=711115122-10122007><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff size=2>The best we have
seen is atmosfair. </FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=711115122-10122007><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=711115122-10122007><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2>I wanted to make one comment regarding Radiative Forcing: -
for stratospheric flights (long-haul) an RF factor of 2.7 is commensurate with
IPCC factors. Recognising the science in IPCC is necessarily time lagged by 2 to
5 years, I agree with Rick that latest assessments would suggest an RF somewhere
between 1.5 and 2.0 - noting that this is an area of climate modelling with
probably the highest uncertainty. </FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=711115122-10122007><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=711115122-10122007><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2>That said, I think the principle of conservativeness must
be applied here. It is non-conservative to use RF = 1 except for
flights < 250km. Until a consensus scientific view is achieved, it is
non-conservative to use anything less than 1.5, and conservativeness would
suggest of at least RF = 2. If you leave this to user discretion, I think you
need to point out that RF = 1 is not appropriate for flights >
250km.</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=711115122-10122007><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=711115122-10122007><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2>For UNDP's emission calculations we use RF = 2.7 in line
with IPCC. We recognise this is conservative, but given the high communication
value/exposure, we believe it is important to be conservative. Yes, it makes a
difference to the offset calculations, but in the bigger picture, its the
difference of (approx) between 3% and 3.5% of a typical UNDP mission.
</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=711115122-10122007><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=711115122-10122007><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=2>Regards,</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=711115122-10122007></SPAN><FONT face=Arial
size=2>Matt Spannagle</FONT> <BR><FONT face=Arial size=2>Carbon Technical
Advisor, </FONT><BR><FONT face=Arial size=2>MDG Carbon Facility</FONT> <BR><FONT
face=Arial size=1>Environment and Energy Group<BR>Bureau for Development
Policy<BR>United Nations Development Program<BR>304 East 45th st., FF-9th
floor<BR>New York, NY, 10017, USA.<BR>Ph: (1) 212 906 6329 </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff size=2></FONT> </DIV><BR>
<DIV class=OutlookMessageHeader lang=en-us dir=ltr align=left>
<HR tabIndex=-1>
<FONT face=Tahoma size=2><B>From:</B> discuss-bounces@ghgnetwork.org
[mailto:discuss-bounces@ghgnetwork.org] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Thomas
Tomosky<BR><B>Sent:</B> Friday, December 07, 2007 9:02 AM<BR><B>To:</B> Rick
Heede; discuss@ghgnetwork.org<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [GHG Network] CO2 emissions
calculator for air travel<BR></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=Section1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Rick,<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Thanks
for your comments. My comments to your comments:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">(3)
- </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Calculate
total CO2 emissions for the flight – You are right - No one can account for
individual real-life particular flights unless they have monitoring equipment on
that flight. Averages and interpolation are the best anyone can
do.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">(4)
- Allocate emissions between cargo and passengers – The flight will take off as
long as there are enough passengers and/or enough other revenue being generated,
such as paid cargo. So cargo does add to the extra, optional weight of the
flight and we tried to account for it. It’s as “fair” as allocating
different emissions per cabin.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">(5)
- Allocate emissions per cabin – Thanks for the “Sweet”
comment!<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">(6)
- Adjust for passenger load factors – You are correct that these other factors
all affect occupancy, as well as the carrier factor. However, info at the
carrier level is the only publicly available info that addresses
occupancy. One of the nice aspects of our model is that we can accommodate
new, more accurate info. If you or anyone else has access to better info,
please let me know! I’d be happy to evaluate it.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">(7)
- Adjust for RFI (optional) – Your RF factor may be better, but it’s hard to
know for sure. Your exempting short flights may be a good idea as well.
There is still a lot of scientific uncertainty about this issue. I was
thinking of making the RF factor user-customizable but didn’t want to further
complicate the web site. Most users have no idea of the complexity of the
issue. But, it’s still on the drawing board as a
possibility.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">You
can now view a full description of our model at <A
href="http://carbon.trx.com"><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d">http://carbon.trx.com</SPAN></A> Click on the new
“Documentation and Sample Report” link.
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">I
appreciate your comments. You seem to be in the nitty-gritty details as
much as I am!<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Tom<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Thomas
K. Tomosky, Ph.D.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Application
Manager, Travel Analytics</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">TRX<BR>2175
Princeton Road</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">New
Castle, PA 16101 USA<BR><A
title=outbind://25-00000000EF3469787771D511AE2200508BC9E1260700AFAEC7F33CBBD411AE1300508BC9E12600000126423E0000F66965CFA3FB824D837B89B38F04EEF7000000B8F4C80000/www.trx.com
href="outbind://25-00000000EF3469787771D511AE2200508BC9E1260700AFAEC7F33CBBD411AE1300508BC9E12600000126423E0000F66965CFA3FB824D837B89B38F04EEF7000000B8F4C80000/www.trx.com"><SPAN
style="COLOR: black">www.trx.com</SPAN></A><BR><BR>email: <A
title=mailto:scott.gillespie@trx.com
href="mailto:thomas.tomosky@trx.com">thomas.tomosky@trx.com</A><BR>office:
724-924-6070</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">fax:
724-924-2867<BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN
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<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"> </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
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<DIV>
<DIV
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<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">
discuss-bounces@ghgnetwork.org [mailto:discuss-bounces@ghgnetwork.org] <B>On
Behalf Of </B>Rick Heede<BR><B>Sent:</B> Wednesday, December 05, 2007 2:36
PM<BR><B>To:</B> Thomas Tomosky; discuss@ghgnetwork.org<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re:
[GHG Network] CO2 emissions calculator for air
travel<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Dear
Thomas:<BR><BR>There is often a trade-off between accuracy and user-friendliness
with such calculators, but I appreciate your intent.<BR><BR>Comments:<BR><BR>In
(3) Nice try, and works well enough on average, but ignores (for any particular
flight) winds aloft, diversions, holds, taxi delays, and seasonal
variables.<BR><BR>In (4) Good. Although I do wonder if it’s “fair” to allocate
emissions on the basis of passenger weight plus baggage vs cargo. The aircraft
and its flight exist chiefly for passenger air travel, a lot of aircraft weight
is carried around for their comfort and safety (water, food (when it exists),
toilets, stewards, seats, entertainment system, air circulation and other
equipment, etc.).<BR><BR>In (5): Sweet.<BR><BR>In (6) I would think other
categories have similar variable occupancy: day vs night flights, for example,
or aircraft size, or nation of registry. Why operator?<BR><BR>In (7): we
(Climate Mitigation Services for City of Aspen Green Tags air travel calculator:
www.aspenzgreen.com/offsets_calculator_air_calculated.cfm ) also included an
optional RF multiplier, found the oft-used 2 to 2.5 x as out of sync with the
more recent scientific assessment, and use RF of 1.89 times fuel emissions. But
we exempt all flights shorter than 200 statute miles on the basis that RF
relates to flights at higher altitudes than such short flights typically
operate.<BR><BR>Overall: How many passengers actually know what aircraft type
they flew on? Who is your user audience? If the general public, then you might
be assuming too much in some cases.<BR><BR>I would like to review the full
description, thanks. All the best, -Rick-=<BR><BR>PS: I am currently working on
a private and business aircraft fuel and emissions calculator.<BR></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'"><BR></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">****************@*******************<BR>Richard
Heede <heede@climatemitigation.com><BR> Climate
Mitigation Services<BR> 1626 Gateway
Road<BR> Snowmass, CO 81654-9214
USA<BR> 1-970-927-9511
office<BR> 1-970-343-0707
mobile<BR> <BR><°){{{{><
<°){><
<°){{{{><
<BR></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'"><BR><BR>On 12/3/07
5:56 PM, "Thomas Tomosky" <Thomas.Tomosky@trx.com>
wrote:</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Greetings. I
am new to the Greenhouse Gas Experts Network, and would like to introduce myself
and the project I am working on. <BR> <BR>My name is Dr. Thomas
Tomosky and I am the Application Manager in the Travel Analytics group at TRX.
One of the projects I am working on is a CO2 emissions calculator for air
travel. We attempted to build this calculator in as detailed and accurate
manner as possible. We decided to make the calculator and the underlying
calculations transparent, so that interested parties can examine the details.
The calculator has been externally verified by ICF International, a
leading energy and environmental consulting firm. You can view the basic
calculator at <A href="http://carbon.trx.com.">http://carbon.trx.com.</A>
<BR> <BR>What follows is a very brief description
of our basic Leg Level CO2 emissions calculator. The full description is
available upon request. There are 8 major steps, the last 2 steps being
optional. They are:<BR> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></P>
<OL type=1>
<LI class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Gather airline
schedule data – city pair, number of miles, operating carrier, aircraft, and
number of seats. We use schedule and fleet information from OAG Back
Aviation Solutions. </SPAN><o:p></o:p>
<LI class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Determine fuel
burn rates for aircraft and distance. We obtain fuel burn rate
information from the 2006 version of the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory
Guidebook. This data includes both LTO and cruise fuel burn rates.
</SPAN><o:p></o:p>
<LI class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Calculate total
CO2 emissions for the flight. We use interpolation methods to accurately
determine the amount of fuel burned, and CO2 emitted, for a particular
aircraft for a particular flight. </SPAN><o:p></o:p>
<LI class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Allocate emissions
between cargo and passengers. From the US DOT, Bureau of Transportation
Statistics, we determine the amount of cargo (freight and mail) that scheduled
passenger flights transport. Based on weight percentages, we allocate
the CO2 emissions between cargo and passengers.
</SPAN><o:p></o:p>
<LI class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Allocate emissions
per cabin. Based on passenger seat pitch and width data obtained from
www.SeatGuru.com <A
href="http://www.SeatGuru.com"><http://www.SeatGuru.com></A> , we can
determine the amount of “real estate” taken up by a passenger’s seat in each
cabin. The greater the real estate, the greater the emissions allocated
to a seat in that cabin. </SPAN><o:p></o:p>
<LI class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Adjust for
passenger load factors. Typically, airline flights are not 100% full, so
we adjust emissions for the average number of passengers for that carrier.
</SPAN><o:p></o:p>
<LI class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Adjust for RFI
(optional). We allow web users to adjust for the Radiative forcing Index
or not, depending on their particular needs. </SPAN><o:p></o:p>
<LI class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Calculate cost of
CO2 emissions (optional). Since the cost of CO2 emissions is highly
variable, we provide web users with information on the various emission offset
options and trading markets and give them the ability to adjust the cost per
metric ton of CO2 to suit their needs. </SPAN><o:p></o:p></LI></OL>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">For our corporate
clients, we go a few steps further than the basic Leg Level calculator on the
web. In our Enterprise Level calculator, we take a client’s air travel
footprint for a period of time, normally a calendar year, and analyze it in
detail. We quantify the amount of CO2 emissions, and we compare those
emissions with the emissions resulting from the use of the “greenest” carrier
for each city pair and to an “average” corporate travel footprint. We
recommend and quantify ways of reducing CO2 emissions by reducing travel,
booking the greenest carriers, and eliminating unnecessary connections.
For client trips that are not on scheduled non-stop flights, we employ a
proprietary algorithm which builds reasonable connections between city pairs.
This is important since connections can use different equipment, have
different fuel burn rates, number of seats, and so on.<BR> <BR>If you have
comments on our model, or are interested in learning more, please contact me or
our VP and General Manager, Scott Gillespie. We are especially interested
in new data sources which can further improve the accuracy of our model. I
can be contacted at thomas.tomosky@trx.com or at 724-924-6070. Scott can
be contacted at scott.gillespie@trx.com or at 440-248-4111.
<BR> <BR>Thank
you.<BR> <BR>Tom<BR> <BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana','sans-serif'">Thomas K. Tomosky,
Ph.D.<BR>Application Manager, Travel Analytics<BR>TRX<BR>2175 Princeton
Road<BR>New Castle, PA 16101 USA<BR>www.trx.com
<outbind://25-00000000EF3469787771D511AE2200508BC9E1260700AFAEC7F33CBBD411AE1300508BC9E12600000126423E0000F66965CFA3FB824D837B89B38F04EEF7000000B8F4C80000/www.trx.com>
<BR><BR>email: <SPAN style="COLOR: blue">thomas.tomosky@trx.com</SPAN> <A
href="mailto:thomas.tomosky@trx.com"><mailto:thomas.tomosky@trx.com></A>
<BR>office: 724-924-6070<BR>fax: 724-924-2867<BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN
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